1–7 One key step during these years has been the development of graphite-based anodes, replacing the initially used soft and hard carbons, allowing for greatly enhanced full-cell energy densities due to its low de-/lithiation potential and high (theoretical) gravimetric capacity of 372 mA h g −1.
ANODE VS CATHODE BATTERY PORTABLE
Introduction and outline Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been on the market for almost thirty years now and have rapidly evolved from being the powering device of choice for relatively small applications like portable electronics to large-scale applications such as (hybrid) electric vehicles ((H)EVs) and even stationary energy storage systems. The latter, in fact, comes with its own challenges and the different approaches to overcome these in graphite/silicon (oxide) composites are discussed herein as well.
Thus, herein, we provide an overview on the relevant fundamental aspects for the de-/lithiation mechanism, the already overcome and remaining challenges (including, for instance, the potential fast charging and the recycling), as well as recent progress in the field such as the trade-off between relatively cheaper natural graphite and comparably purer synthetic graphite and the introduction of relevant amounts of silicon (oxide) to boost the energy and power density. A comprehensive review article focusing on graphite as lithium-ion intercalation host, however, appeared to be missing so far. And despite extensive research efforts to find suitable alternatives with enhanced power and/or energy density, while maintaining the excellent cycling stability, graphite is still used in the great majority of presently available commercial lithium-ion batteries. A key component that has paved the way for this success story in the past almost 30 years is graphite, which has served as a lithium-ion host structure for the negative electrode. Lithium-ion batteries are nowadays playing a pivotal role in our everyday life thanks to their excellent rechargeability, suitable power density, and outstanding energy density.
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